The 29th edition of Climate & Finance argues that global climate governance has entered a delivery phase. As COP30 approaches in Belém, the primary challenge is no longer the articulation of targets, but the capacity to implement them within complex economic and regulatory systems.

This shift is most clearly reflected in finance. Through IFRS S2, corporate transition plans and Scope 3 emissions are no longer treated as aspirational disclosures, but as sources of quantifiable financial risk. In parallel, emerging financial instruments such as the Amazon reforestation bond and Tropical Forest Forever Facility(TFFF) are institution alising forests and carbon removal as investable asset classes.